The foundational element in effective work systems is self-correcting, self-managing, self accountable, self-governing behavior. Energy spent on monitoring and attempting to affect the behavior of team members or other entities from the outside is energy wasted and energy that could be better expended on improving the business and the capability of people. The critical element is to increasingly create self-governing capability.

-Carol Sanford, “Myths of Organizational Effectiveness at Work”

A modern day school examination

Many schools in Singapore and the rest of the world are caught in the pursuit of high stakes examinations. In such schools, it becomes near impossible, to use the words of Costa and Kallick (2004), to  “embrace and sustain curriculum and instructional strategies designed for individual meaning-making and personal self-directed learning.” Costa and Kallick are of the opinion that if we want prepare our students to be able to resolve “the ambiguous, paradoxical, and dichotomous problems and conflicts they will encounter in our increasingly more complex society”, schools must put to the forefront of their agenda that is teaching for meaning and fostering self-directed learning.

Self-directed learning has become more important because of the increasing complexity of society.  The need for self-directed learning has been given an economic face when business leaders repeatedly warn that the workforce must undergo a radical change as the nature of work has changed to the building of values, attitudes and skills in a world of reduced job security and a more loose work structure, and multiple job changes.  In such instances, the worker would have to rely on his own self-directedness or or self-reliance and initiative to survive and thrive.

Self-directed learning is in fact a natural tendency in man. As Wheatley and Kellner-Rogers (1998) pointed out:

Every living thing acts to develop and preserve itself. Identity is the filter that every organism or system uses to make sense of the world. New information, new relationships, changing environments – all are interpreted through a sense of self. This tendency towards self-creation is so strong that it creates a seeming paradox. An organism will change to maintain its identity.

Allowing students therefore to be self-directed learners is acknowledging this natural tendency to self-manage and self-regulate. The traditional school system where much of the thinking and decision-making with regards to learning is done by the teachers, does not encourage students to take on these responsibilities which should inherently belong to the latter. The students’ minds and capacities to learn becomes dull and their learning becomes externally motivated and “other directed”. Perhaps the only ones we know who are the exception to this rule are the peak performers. They have this trait where they have this strong belief that they are going to succeed. Even then, it can be argued that they do so not because of the traditional school system but it is in spite of the school system.

A painting of a Chinese Imperial examination

The traditional school system pays little attention to whether a student possesses self-directedness or not. The high stakes examinations and assessment that is usually done does not measure this. When high stakes examinations become the agenda of the school, everything else is pushed aside. It is in this light that perhaps it is unfortunate that Singapore’s “successful” educational system is being highlighted and even imitated with little consideration of what is taking place. Many schools in Southeast Asia are adopting the Singapore model for schools. In fact, many of these adopters of the Singapore educational model, may not have realized that the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Singapore, is trying to make the changes to fit the school-going population to the needs of the future workforce that is required by Singapore.

But inertia at the ground level (the schools) and a reluctance to give up the very same high stakes examinations system which has given it its “success” means that Singapore schools are still very much a high-level examinations pressure cooker. Many Singapore school principals who in public declare their agreement to the need for change, at best, pay lip service to this need for change. Teachers in Singapore are still reluctant to give up their hard earned experience in teaching to the examinations. This is partly due to the fact that many Singapore school principals still evaluate teachers’ performance based on the examination performance of the students. Teachers are seen to be hard working when they have extra classes to prepare students for the examinations. The paradigm shift has obviously not taken place at the ground level. But as Singapore’s leaders have realized, the need for change here has become paramount if Singapore is to remain competitive in the global arena. They too have realized the need for more self-directed people in the workforce. They need to prod the schools in Singapore harder to move in this direction. Teacher training should also pay greater attention to this need for change in approach.

Schools, therefore, have to prepare students for self-directedness. Students who are self-directed would have to display self-management, self-monitoring and self-modification (Costa and Kallick, 2004). Clearly these are skills which are currently not emphasised in school yet. They are also skills that emphasise the need for thinking to be at the forefront of a school’s agenda. Schools in Singapore are moving to alternative modes of assessment, but the high stakes examinations remain the primary mode of determining the success of a student, and the school.

Workers who are independent learners have become one of the most important characteristics of the workforce of the future. Independent learners would know how to seek whatever information on their own when they enter the workforce. They would be resourceful workers. Also according to Carol Sanford in “Myths of Organizational Effectiveness at Work”:

“The foundational element in effective work systems is self-correcting, self-managing, self-accountable, self-governing behavior. Energy spent on monitoring and attempting to affect the behavior of team members or other entities from the outside is energy wasted and energy that could be better expended on improving the business and the capability of people. The critical element is to increasingly create self-governing capability.”

The old factory line approach to teaching and learning that features the teacher doing most of the thinking and talking has to give way to students having to explore, do their own research and thinking about what they are learning. Teachers would have to craft lessons that excite their charges with that spirit of inquiry that has as its basis in the natural curiosity of children and teenagers. Part of that crafting includes the need to design appropriate activities that comes with appropriate assessment strategies because not only would the teachers need to know what goes on in the heads of their students but also the latter would also need to know if his learning is going in the right direction.

That is the new challenge for teachers everywhere, including those in Singapore, if they are serious about preparing students for the future. Students must be made to take more responsibility for their own learning. They will have eventually decide when they have left school, what is it that they have to learn or re-learn, how they will be learning, when and why. They will have to be able to monitor their own progress to see if their work skills suits whatever work they have been employed to do or that they hope to do. How do they know if they are on the right track?

Already experts are talking about workers having two or even three careers in a lifetime. overnment leaders in Singapore are echoing this same view about multiple careers ina life time too.This implies of course a lot of learning and re-learning is required of workers in the economy of the future. In fact, it is already beginning to happen. With this scenario, it becomes imperative that teachers teach students how to do their own self-directed learning and link to this, also how to do their own self-assessment of their own learning. Teachers, therefore, need to devise in schools today, assessment strategies for their students to learn to monitor their own learning. Assessment can no longer be in the sole responsibility of the teachers. Students must learn to assess their own learning.